2020 was the year of gold ETFs, with net annual flows of $48.8bn, or 874 tonnes — more than any other year in history. That surge in demand collectively increased ETFs’ gold holdings by over one-third, reaching an all-time high of 3,909 tonnes in October 2020 before easing to 3,624 tonnes. All regions saw significant growth in assets under management — more than the foreign reserve holdings of any central bank except the Federal Reserve.